Routes of Drug Administrations - Pharmacology
A route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body.
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Routes of
administration
|
Advantages
|
Disadvantages
|
Intravenous (IV)
|
Absorption
circumvented;
Prompt onset;
Suitable for large
volumes and for irritating substances
|
Most hazardous
(emnolism infection, anaphylaxis);
Not suitable for
only solutions or poorly hydrophilic substances
|
Intramucular
(IM)
|
Absorbtion may be
tailored to needs: prompt, from aqueous solution; slow and sustained,
From respository
formulations.
Suitable for
moderate volumes, oily vehicles and some irritating substances
|
Precluded during
anticoagulant therapy; May be painful
|
Subcutaneous
(SC)
|
Absorption may be
tailored to needs: prompt, from aqueous solutions; slow and sustained, from
respository formulations. Suitable for some poorly soluble suspensions and
for instillation of slow-release implants; self-administration is acceptable
|
Not suitable for
large volumes or irritating substances; Possible pain or necrosis from
irritating
|
Oral (PO)
|
Most convenient.
Relatively cheap
and safe
|
Variable absorption
(potentially slow, erratic and incomplete).
First-pass effect
may be significant
|
Rectal (PR)
|
Partially avoid
first-pass effect.
Avoid descruction
by gastric acid & digestice enzymes.
|
May irritate rectal
mucosa. Not a well-accepted route.
|
Sublingual (SL)
|
Prompt absorption.
Bypassfirst-pass affect (unless ingested)
|
Inconcenient for
long-term use
Limited to certain
types of drug that can be given in small doses
|
Inhalation
|
Almost
instantaneous absorption and very rapid onset. Avoid hepatic first-pass
effect. May provide localised effect to lungs with minimal systemic side
effect
|
Difficulty in
regulating dose (inhaler); Requires specially equipment for drug delivery
|
Transdermal
|
May provide a
sustained effect avoid hepatic first-pass effect
|
Usually very slow
onset. Enhanced absorption and risk toxic effects eith inflamed. Abrabed or
burned skin. Drug must be highly
lipophilic.
|
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